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Human papillomavirus infection increases the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in smokers, but does not increase the risk in non–smoking and non–alcohol consuming people. Dis Esophagus. 2012 Mar 9.    (retrieved May, 2012). There are currently 1090 pearls in the database. While every attempt has been made to ensure accuracy, mistakes can and do occur. Use databank at your own risk. All pearls © 2024 by the Internet Medical Association. Click Here to view more medical pearls.